Acoustic Resonance measurement principle
Acu-Res is a patented solid-state (no moving parts) technology for measuring wind speed and direction. It uses an acoustic (ultrasonic) wave which is RESONATED inside a small cavity. This unique operating principle gives an unrivalled specification and many benefits, such as wide air velocity range, long life, high availability, small lightweight construction and exceptional sensitivity and accuracy. With no exposed parts Acu-Res gives a robust sensor that operates under extreme weather conditions. It has low power consumption and because of the Acoustic Resonance it provides built-in compensation against environmental factors known to affect other technologies. No other technology combines the many features of Acu-Res.
How it works
The following simplified diagram shows the basic sensing arrangement of the Acoustic Resonance Anemometer.
In its most basic form, the device consists of a pair of small parallel plates, termed the upper and lower reflectors. In the horizontal plane, the structure is unbounded and air flows freely between the plates. In the vertical direction it is bounded by the reflectors and the average air velocity in that direction is negligible. Acoustic (ultrasonic) waves are generated and received by means of three vibrating diaphragms coupled to an equal number of piezo-electric elements. The diaphragms are arranged in a triangular formation as shown in the diagram.
One diaphragm is electrically excited at any one time. Ultrasound emanates from its surface and travels outwards until it hits the upper reflector where it undergoes a near total reflection. The resulting wavefront travels downwards, hits the lower reflector and is reflected again. Ultrasound continues to bounce between the pair of reflectors until is sufficiently attenuated by the loss of energy in the surrounding air and the succession of imperfect reflections. In practice the process involves about 200 reflections.
Over a narrow frequency band the individual reflections combine in phase to produce a dramatic increase in signal strength. The net wave distribution is complex but it can be thought of as a vertical quasi-standing wave, which in the horizontal plane behaves like a two-dimensional radial travelling wave. This dual character of the acoustic field is exploited in the following manner:
Airflow measurement is based on the Travelling Wave behaviour
The net phase between any diaphragm pair is indicative of the airflow along the axis of the pair. With all three diaphragm pairs measured the component vectors of the airflow along the sides of the triangle (formed by the diaphragms) are determined. These vectors are combined to give the overall speed and direction.
Automatic compensation is based on the Standing Wave behaviour
The speed of sound in air varies as a function of temperature, humidity and to a lesser extent, pressure. Acu-Res provides automatic compensation for this without the need for additional sensors. In operation the electronics adjust the frequency to maximise the response and maintain resonance. Under these conditions measurements are made independent of the speed of sound.
Moreover, operation at resonance drastically reduces the undesirable influence of acoustic reflections from nearby objects, aerodynamic effects, e.g. turbulence, and flow non-uniformity. The close proximity of the vibrating diaphragms permits operation at high air speed and the monolithic construction results in improved accuracy. The relationship between air speed and measured phase is linear. Furthermore the selective response at resonance provides a “front-end tuned filter” dramatically improving the signal to noise ratio. Signal power is kept extremely low, (typically tenths of microwatts) and the operating signature is negligible. Acu-Res has many advantages over alternative technologies and some of the more important are listed below
- Wide and scaleable dynamic range
- Linear response of phase vs. air speed
- Precise speed and direction indication
- Wind direction accuracy independent of speed
- Inherently compensated against fluctuations in temperature pressure and humidity
- Rugged, fully sealed construction for all weather operation and high availability
- Reliable solid state (no moving parts) construction
- Small, lightweight and easy to heat
- Low power consumption
